Each country has their own way of preparing chutney. I have eaten chutney with lots of ginger and garlic. I have also had chutney with pepper corns and chili peppers. I'm curious what they put in chutney in India.
I have had mango chutney, so I thought it was made with fruit. Now that you have described the other types, I am looking forward to trying some different flavors.
Chutney can be prepared from tomatoes, unripe mangoes, lime, lemon etc. Some of the common spices for chutney are cumin seed, fengurik seed, black pepper, garlic, ginger,pepper chili etc.